Measurement+of+Chemistry

__Measurement of Chemistry__

**Editor- Sejal Batra**

**What is Chemistry? - Explained by Group 1** **Co-editor: Nathaniel Gullishaw** **Members: Michael Clarke**

**Section 1.1**

//Matter// is anything that has mass and occupies space. It can be visible or invisible. //Chemistry// is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. Chemistry applies to all aspects of life and most natural events because all living and nonliving things are made of matter.

Areas of Study
The scope of chemistry is vast, and there are traditionally 5 areas of study. These are
 * __Organic Chemistry__ - Defined commonly as the study of all chemicals containing carbon. This encompasses anything that is alive.


 * __Inorganic Chemistry__ - The opposite of Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry is the study of all chemicals that do not contain carbon.


 * __Biochemistry__ - Biochemistry is defined as the study of processes that take place in an organism. This includes humans.


 * __Analytical Chemistry__ - The study of the composition of matter. An example would be measuring lead levels in water.


 * __Physical Chemistry__ - Defined as the area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change.

Pure and Applied Chemistry
<span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Pure Chemistry is the study of chemistry for the sake of knowledge.Applied Chemistry is chemistry with a specific goal in mind. Sometimes, applied chemistry and pure chemistry can link to unexpectedly form an application. <span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Such examples are: <span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Nylon <span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Aspirin <span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Technology

<span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Technology is how society provides its members with things needed or desired.

<span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Why Study Chemistry?__ <span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Chemistry can impact all aspects of your life. Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens. <span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Explaining the Natural World__ <span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Chemistry can help you understand how things work. For example, chemistry can explain numerous aspects of food preparation. <span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Preparing For a Career__ <span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Being a chemist can be rewarding. Many careers involve chemistry, even though they do not necessarily include the word "chemist" in their title. People such as firefighters, reporters, and photographers all use chemistry at work. <span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Being an Informed Citizen__ <span style="color: #511b93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Industry, private foundations, and the federal government provide funds for research involving science. Many areas of research sometimes compete for funds. Some argue in favor of using funds for space exploration through programs such as NASA, while others support causes such as cancer research. Citizens will need to make choices that will determine the future development of technology. You may make decisions through elected representatives, at public hearings, or through petitions. Your knowledge of chemistry can help you make an informed decision and take appropriate action.

<span style="color: #ee178f; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Chemistry Far and Wide - Explained by Group 2** <span style="color: #ee178f; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Co-editor: Christopher Delude** <span style="color: #ee178f; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Members: Kendall Lavin-Parsons**

<span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">** Section 1.2 **

<span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Chemists try to design new materials to better fit specific needs of people. They often find inspiration for new designs in nature. They look at both the worlds of: <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">//Macroscopic//-the world of objects that are large enough to see with the naked eye (no help from microscopes, magnifying devices, etc) <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">//Microscopic//- the view of objects only able to be seen under magnification

<span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">With the population growth and increase in industrialization, the need for energy is much higher. Chemists play an important role in finding ways to conserve, store, and produce energy.

<span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Conservation__ <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">//Insulation// is the most common form of conservation of energy. It maximizes the use of our heating and cooling that we use in daily situations (refrigeration, stoves, homes, etc). Chemists try to create new materials which insulate better and conserve our energy

<span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Production__ <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Burning fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas is our major source of energy. Fossil fuels are a limited recourse, and chemists are trying to find energy sources that can be created easily. One plausible alternative is //biodiesel//. Biodiesel is energy made from plants, such as soy beans. Biodiesel is also better than fossil fuels (not only because it is renewable), but also because when used it does not release harmful gas for the environment. __Storage__ <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The most common storage for energy is in batteries. Various sizes, shapes, and functions are available for them (including rechargeable) to fit the needs of differing functions.

<span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"><http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,516738,00.html> <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">//Biotechnology// has been the most important result from chemistry. It applies science to the production ofbiological products. It supplies new medicines, equipment, and technology for doctors to use to treat their patients.

<span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Medicines__ <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">There are over 2,000 prescription drugs used to treat a variety of conditions. There are many other “over the counter” drugs such as aspirin or antacids which do not require prescriptions. Chemists work with biologists and doctors to help create these new medicines. <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Materials__ <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Chemists can create new materials to replace parts of the body which are not functioning. Plastic tubes can replace diseased arteries. Artificial knees and hips can replace worn out joints which cause a patient pain.

<span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Agriculture__ <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The worlds population is increasing - while the amount of space available to grow crops is decreasing, there fore we all must ensure to make this space as productive as possible.

<span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Productivity__ <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Crop Protection__ <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Enviornment__ <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Identify Pollutants__ <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Prevent Pollution__ <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__The Universe__
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">One method of measuring productivity is is to see how much edible food is grown per a unit of land.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Factors that decrease productivity; bad soil, lack of water, weeds, plant diseases, pests.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Chemists can help increase productivity by testing the soil and using biochemistry to develop plants best capable of growing in bad weather.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Chemists help to conserve water also.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Instead of using non specific chemicals that were actually hurting the crops they now use chemicals that are specifically tested to only kill the bad pests.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Some chemicals that are produced by insects can be used and manipulated to get rid pf bad insects.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">EX: female insects release a cchemical used to attract male insects and this chemical is proven to reduse pinworms.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Technology has some bad consequences including __//pollutants//__ - material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans and other organisms
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Lead is a pollutant.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">In the Roman empire lead was used in the pipes to store water and wine which might have lead to brain damage and ultimately the fall of the empire.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">It wasnt until after the mid 1900s that lead was stopped being used in common and dangerous products because studies taken in 1971 showed that even a very low level of lead in human blood is dangerous especially to young children.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Use of lead in house paint was banned in 1978.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Use of lead in gasoline and public water supply systems was banned in 1986.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Prevention methods include; testing childrens blood, rules on house sales to families with children, and public awareness about how dangerous lead is.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Methods used to study the Earth can also be used to study other things in the Universe.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The compostition of stars was studied by the light they transmitted to Earth.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Pierre Janssen discovered Helium on the suns surface in 1868.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">William Ramsay discovered helium on Earth in 1895.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">In order to study other planets and things that dont emit light scientist use matter brought back to Earth from there.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Studies show that the moon might have once been covered in lava.
 * <span style="color: #c039c0; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The vehicle called the Opportunity discovered that Mars was once covered in water.

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Thinking like a Scientist - Explained by Group 3** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Co-editor: Sean Doherty** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Members: Monika Maczuga** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Abby Williams** = = =<span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Section 1.3 =

<span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**Alchemy** <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- The word //__chemistry__// derives from the word __//alchemy//__ <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- Alchemy flourished in China and India as early as 400 B.C. Eventually, the Arabs brought the study to Spain. From there, it spread through Europe like wildfire.- Alchemy has a __practical side__ and a __mystical side__ (the best of both worlds) <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Practical Alchemy__ primarily focuses on developing techniques for working with metals, glass, dyes, etc. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Mystical Alchemy__ focuses on concepts such as perfection. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Example: Since gold was valued as a perfect metal, alchemists were always seaching for ways to transform other less illustrious metals, such as lead, into gold. Outcome: None successfully completed the goal of a "new gold." <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- Alchemists were also __brilliant crafters__ of tools and techniques for working with various chemicas. We can thank them for allowing us to seperate and purify chemicals. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"> <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Examples of tools we use today: flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar (bowl shaped) and the pistle which is used as a grinder. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**An Experiemental Approach to Science** <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- 1500s in Europe = shift from alchemy to science. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- 1600s in Britain = flourishing sciences under its supporter, King Charles II. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge:__ <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1. Scientists met to discuss scientific topics and conduct experiments. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">2. The goal was to encourage and promote scientists to base their conclusions about the natural world on experimental evidence, not on philosophical debates. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Antoine Lavoisier!!!__ <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- Late 1700s = his famous works took shape (France). <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- Eventually, his brilliance would help transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurment it is today. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Accomplishments: <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1. Lavoisier developed an ingeniuos balance which could measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">2. Settled a long standing debate on how materials burn (oxygen). <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">~ During his time, the idea excepted was that materials burn because they contain phlogiston, which is released into the air as a material burns. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">~ However, scientists had to ignore the fact that metals can gain mass as they burn. Lavoisier knew that there were two main gases in the air- oxygen and nitrogen. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">~ He was able to successfully prove that oxygen must be present for a material to burn <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Maria Anne__ was Lavoisier's wife and valuable aid. She was artistic allowing for her to make drawings of his experiments and translated scientific papers from English. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"> <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Execution: <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- Lavoisier was a member of a despised royal taxation commission at the time of the French Revolution. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- He took the position to finance his scientific work. PROBLEM! <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- Although he was dedicated to improving the lives of the common people, his association with bitter taxation made him a prime target. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- In 1794, he was arrested, found guilty, and beheaded.

<span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The Scientific Method <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- Scientific tool used for solving problems with a logical, systematic approach. **-The method used steps** <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**that include making observations,** **testing hypotheses, and** **developing theories.** <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">-Process begins by making an observation - Next a hypothesis is created, or a guess, which you will test to find a result. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">-These tests usually contain variable factors which can change the results of the test. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**- Manipulated variables are changed to alter the results.** <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**- Responding Variables are observed during the test.** <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**-** The outcomes of these hypotheses experiments result in **theories, or well tested result** <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**that stays the same for a broad set of observations.** <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**-Theories are then developed into laws, which are proven statements.** <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**﻿** <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Collaboration and communication <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- The use of team work to utilize the skill sets of each person working. <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">-**Collaboratio**n- The sharing of results or ideas with other scientists to gain more insight. - Can also result in conflict <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">with amount of workload to credit <span style="color: #ab1212; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">-**Communication**- The use of technology to communicate results and ideas to others. (Internet!)

<span style="color: #ee178f; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**Problem Solving in Chemistry - Explained by Group 4** <span style="color: #ee178f; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**Co-editor: Andrew Whalen** <span style="color: #ee178f; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**Members: Katie Manis, Freddy Dwyer**

<span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Section 1.4**

<span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__**Skills** **Used in Solving Problems**__ <span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**-**Problem solving is a skill used by people every day <span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- Decisions are made using problem solving skills <span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**For example:** You are in a supermarket and need to purchase an item. Problem solving and decision making come into play when you choose between a 1 and 2 liter bottle. Sometimes you must decide whether or not to buy a certain item based on ingredients that are in it. You may need to avoid certain ingredients due to an allergy you or a family member posseses. These are examples of problem solving that are used every day. <span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">-The skills used to solve a word problem in chemistry are not much different from the scenario listed above. <span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">***EFFECTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING ALWAYS INVOLVES DEVELOPING A PLAN AND THEN IMPLEMENTING THAT PLAN***

<span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__**Solving Conceptual problems:**__ <span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">-you need to make a plan for getting from the known to the unknown. <span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">-when analyzing you identify the relevant concepts. <span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">-when solving the problem you apply concepts to the situation.
 * <span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">To solve a conceptual problem you need to identify what is known and what is unknown.
 * <span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The three step problem solving approach is modified for conceptual problems.
 * <span style="color: #d53fca; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The steps for solving a conceptional problem are analyze and solve.

<span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Measurement and their Uncertainty - Explained by Group 5** <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Co-editor: Andrew Humphrey** <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Members: Matthew McKeon, Lindsey Trafford**

<span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Section 3.1**

<span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__**Using and Expressing Measurement**__
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Measurement is a quantity that has both a number and a unit.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Measurements are fundamental to the experimental sciences. For that reason, it is important to be able to make measurements and to decide whether a measurement is correct.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The units typically used in the sciences are The International System of Measurements (SI).
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">In Scientific Notation, a given number is written as the product of two numbers: a coefficient and 10 is raised to a power. For example the number 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 in scientific notation is 6.02 X 10 to the twenty third power. The coefficient in this number is 6.02. In scientific notation, the coefficient is always a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten.

<span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Accuracy and Precision__
<span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Determining Error__
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Accuracy is a measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual or true value of whatever is measured.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Precision is a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">To evaluate the accuracy of a measurement, the measured value must be compared to the correct value. To evaluate the precision of a measurement of a measurement, you must compare the values of two or more repeated measurements.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Accepted value is the correct value based on reliable refrences.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Experimental value is the value measured in the lab.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The difference between the accepted value and the experimental value is the error.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Error can be positive or negative depending on whether the experimental value is greater than or less than the accepted value.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The percent error is the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value, multiplied by 100%.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Using the absolute value of the error means that the percent error will always be a positive value.

<span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Significant figures in measurements__ <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- because calculated numbers depend so much on the significant figures the correct number of significant figuresmust always be reported. <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">- the calculations may all depend on the calibration of the instrument. <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"> <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Rules for determining whether a digit in a measurement is a significant figure: <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Significant figures in calculations__ <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Addition and subtraction__
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Significant figures in a measurement includes all of the digits that are already known and the last digit which is estimated.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Calculated numbers often depend on the number of significant figures in a value used in a calculation.
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The instruments used for measurement differ in significant figures and the amount of exact information they can provide.
 * 1) <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Every number that is not zero is assumed to be a significant figure (e.g. 24.7meters, 0.734 meter, and 714 meter).
 * 2) <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">When a zero appears between two non-zero digits it is a significant figure (e.g. 7003meter, 40.79 meter, and 1.503 meter).
 * 3) <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Zeros in front of non-zero digits (significant figures) are not significant figures. they can be eliminated by using scientific notation (e.g. 0.0071 meter, 0.42 meter, and 0.000099).
 * 4) <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Zeros to the left of non-zero digits are significant figures (e.g. 43.00meters, 1.010 meters, and 9.000 meters).
 * 5) <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Zeros on the left of a decimal point but to the rightmost of the numbers are not significant figures. they can be put into scientific notation( e.g. 3__00__ meters, 7__000__meters, and 27, 210 meters).
 * 6) <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">there are 2 situations in which there is an unlimited number of significant figures. one involves counting and the other includes exactly defined quantities like those within a system of measurement. (e.g. counting 23 people in a class, or 60 min=1 hr, or 100 cm= 1 m)
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">When calculating significant figures the solution cannot be more precise than the least precise measurement in the calculation. the calculation must be rounded to make it consistant with the measurements in which it was calculated. (e.g. 7.7 meters by 5.4 meters equals 41.58 meters but the answer can only consist of two significant figures to match the calculated measurements 41.58 meters must be rounded to 42 m2).
 * <span style="color: #37b937; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The answer to a addition or subtraction calculation should be rounded to the same number of decimal places as the measurments with the least number of decimal place.

<span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**The Internal System of Units - Explained by Group 6**<span class="rg_ctlv"> <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Co-editor: Lauren Rossi** <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Members: Patrick Hodge, Kevin Petterson.**

<span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Section 3.2﻿**

<span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**__Measuring with SI units__** <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__international system of units__- a revised version of the metric system. It was adopted in 1960. The five base units used by chemists are meter, kilogram, kelvin, second, and mole. <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"> <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**__Units and Quantities__** <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**__Units of Volume:__**
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Units of Length__
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**size is an important property of matter**
 * **meter**-the basic length or linear measure. All measurements can be measured in meters.
 * //milli//- prefix that means 1/1000. millimeter= 1/1000 of a meter
 * //kilo//- prefix that mean 1000. kilometer= 1000 meters
 * **Common metric units of length-** centimeter, meter, and kilometer. [[image:http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/165/169061/GIFS/table1.5.gif]]
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The space occupied by any sample of matter is called its volume.<span class="rg_ctlv"> [[image:http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRJpWcCCh3AABBiniBVuFiY2vVyLL-MzA2He9RPrjqNhztOcztR width="87" height="314" align="right" caption="Buret:http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/labtech/volume.htm" link="http://www.google.com/imgres?q=buret&start=29&num=10&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1440&bih=687&tbm=isch&tbnid=xpiv2vgshaYVyM:&imgrefurl=http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/labtech/volume.htm&docid=KfmgLApzGcGbZM&w=109&h=393&ei=kfZ4TpyONaTa0QGf_eDyCw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=549&vpy=259&dur=962&hovh=314&hovw=87&tx=87&ty=168&sqi=2&page=2&tbnh=176&tbnw=49&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:29"]]
 * You can calculate the volume of any cubic or rectangular solid by multiplying its length by its width by its height.
 * The SI unit of volume is the amount of space occupied by a cube that is 1m long along each edge.
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Devices used for measuring liquid volume:
 * Graduated Cylinder
 * Pipets
 * Burets
 * Volumetric Flasks
 * Syringes

<span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**__Metric Units of Volume__**
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Unit || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Relationship || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Example ||
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Liter (L) || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Base Unit || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Quart of Milk = 1 L ||
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Millimeter (mL) || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">103 mL = 1 L || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">20 drops of water = 1 mL ||
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Cubic Centimeter (cm3) || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1 cm3 = 1 mL || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Cube of Sugar = 1 cm3 ||
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Microliter (uL) || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">106 uL = 1 L || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Crystal of Table Salt = 1 uL ||

<span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**__Units of Mass:__**
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Kilogram is the basic SI unit of mass.
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">A gram is 1/1000 of a kilogram
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Common Metric untis of mass include the kilogram, gram, milligram, and microgram.
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Weight is the force that measures the pull on a given mass by gravity.
 * Although the weight of an object can can change with its locationits mass remians constant regardless of its location.
 * Objects therefore can become weightless, but not massless.

<span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__**Metric Units of Mass**__ <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__Units of Temperature__
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Unit || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Relationship || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Example  ||
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Kilogram (kg) (base unit) || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1 kg = 103 g || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Small Textbook =1 kg ||
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Gram (g) || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1 g = 10-3 kg || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Dollar Bill = 1 g ||
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Milligram (mg) || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">103 mg = 1 g || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Ten Grains of Salt = 1 mg ||
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Microgram (ug) || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">106 ug = 1 g || <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Particle of Baking Powder = 1 ug ||
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Temperature- a measure of how hot or cold an object is
 * Determines the direction of heat transfer
 * When 2 objects at different temperature come in contact, heat moves from the object at the higher temperature to the object at the lower temperature
 * Almost all substances expand with an increase in temperature and contract as the temperature decreacesURL:http://www.123rf.com/photo_3853033_cute-thermometer--vector-illustration.html
 * *** important exception- water***
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Temperature is measured by thermometers
 * three types
 * liquid in gas thermometer- contains alcohol or mineral spirits and uses the expansion of the liquid contained in a glass tube to tell temperature
 * dial thermometer- contains a coiled bimetallic strip
 * Galileo thermometer- contains several glass bulbs that are calibrated to sink or float depending on the temperature [[image:http://diy-scib.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Galileo_Thermometer_closeup.jpg width="135" height="178" align="right" caption="Galileo Thermometer: http://diy-scib.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Galileo_Thermometer_closeup.jpg"]]
 * <span style="color: #19b86c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Scientists commonly use two equivalent units of temperature, the degree Celsius and the kelvin
 * Celsius scale- sets the freezing point of water at 0degrees and the boiling point of water at 100 degrees.
 * Named after the Sweedish astronomer Anders Celsius
 * Uses two readily determined temperatures as reference temperature values
 * The freezing point of water
 * The boiling point of water
 * The distance between the two fixed points is divided into 100 equal intervals, or degrees Celsius
 * The distance between the two fixed points is divided into 100 equal intervals, or degrees Celsius

<span style="color: #a83e93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;"> **Conversion Problems - Explained by Group 7** <span style="color: #a83e93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Co-editor: Emily Mills** <span style="color: #a83e93; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Members: Kelsey Persechini, Emily Healy**

<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Section 3.3** Conversion Factors A quantity of the same amount or length can usually be expressed or measured in several different ways: 1 dollar = 4 quarters = 10 dimes = 20 nickels = 100 pennies           OR 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters = 1000 millimeters A conversion factor is a ratio of equivalent measurements. Example ratio:              100cm / 1m and 1m / 100cm Smaller number --> 1 m <-- larger unit Larger number --> 100 cm <-- smaller unit

Measurement of the numerator = Measurement of the denominator Conversion factors are useful in solving a problem that a given given measurement must be expressed in another unit. When a measurement is multiplied by a conversion factor, the numerical value is generally changed, but the actual size of the quantity measured remains the same. In other words, even though the numbers in the measurement are different, both of the measurements represent the same mass.

<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__**Converting Between Units**__ > <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"> 0.000 001 kiloliters >>> <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">If you are going from a kilometer to a centimeter > <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">So I move the decimal point five places to the right, filling in the extra space with zeroes: > <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**12.54 km = 1 254 000 cm** || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">If you are going from a milliliter to hectometer > <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">So I move the decimal point five places to the left, filling in the empty spots after the decimal point with zeroes: <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Then my answer is: <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">**457 mL = 0.00457 hL**  ||
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">In chemistry you must express measurement using a different unit than what is given or given in the first place
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Converting between metric units is easy to remember
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">kilo- hecto- deka- [unit] deci- centi- milli-
 * <span style="color: #943882; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">one memory trick Is “King Henry Doesn't [Usually] Drink Chocolate Milk”
 * <span style="color: #943882; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Between every unit is 10^1 with every place it goes up on exponent point 1 kilometer = 10 hectometers = 100 dekameters = 1000 meters = 10 000 decimeters = 100 000 centimeters = 1 000 000 millimeters
 * <span style="color: #943882; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">If the unit is a gram that the different between a kilogram and a decigram is 104
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1 milliliter = 0.1 centiliters = 0.01 deciliters = 0.001 liters = 0.000 1 dekaliters
 * =<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">0.000 01 hectoliters =
 * =<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">0.000 01 hectoliters =
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">If you are going up of left of the units than you divide and if you are going down or right you multiply
 * <span style="color: #7d3b7d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Example
 * <span style="color: #7d3b7d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Express 750 decigrams in gram
 * <span style="color: #7d3b7d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Mass= 750dg[[image:http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR3fOmgZpRq6GX5_Bhaj5ghtctWZXCsFwpN06oze6SYKLo1DOyvng width="239" height="158" align="right"]]
 * <span style="color: #7d3b7d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">1g= 10dg so 750/10 =?
 * <span style="color: #7d3b7d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">750/10=75
 * <span style="color: #7d3b7d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">750 decigram= 75 gram
 * <span style="color: #7d3b7d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">another way to think of it is
 * * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">How many jumps is it from "kilo-" to "centi-"? Five, to the right.
 * * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">How many jumps is it from "milli-" to "hecto-"? Five, to the left.

<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">[] =<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__**DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS**__ = <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"> <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"> <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">[] <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">[]
 * ======<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">sometimes you have to convert ratio it is as easy as converting units there is just a few more steps ======
 * ======<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">If you want to convert 7.21g/cm3 into ?kg/m3 ======
 * ======<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">you solve this by doing (7.21g /1 cm3 ) X (1kg / 1000 g3) X (100000cm3/1m3) ======
 * ======<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">then the grams cancel each other out and the cm3 cancel each other out and you are left with 7.21 X 1000kg/m3 ======
 * ======<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">so your answer is 7210 kg/m3 ======
 * =====<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">dimensional analysis is a way to analyze and solve problems using the units or dimensions of the measurments. =====
 * ======<span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Dimensional analysis is routinely used to check the plausibility of derived equations and computations. ======
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">[[image:http://www.chemcollective.org/stoich/images/dimensional-02.jpg width="213" height="166" align="right"]]Unit factors may be made from any two terms that describe the same or equivalent "amounts" of what we are interested in. For example, we know that
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">(1) How many centimeters are in 6.00 inches?
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">in the problem above you can see how by using dimensional analysis and putting the problem into ratio form you can find the answer.
 * ~ <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Prefix ||~ <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Abbreviation ||~ <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Meaning ||~ <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Example ||
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">mega- || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">M || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">106 || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1 megameter (Mm) = 1 x 106 m ||
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">kilo- || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">k || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">103 || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1 kilogram (kg) = 1 x 103 g ||
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">centi- || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">c || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">10**-**2 || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1 centimeter (cm) = 1 x 10**-**2 m ||
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">milli- || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">m || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">10**-**3 || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1 milligram (mg) = 1 x 10**-**3 g ||
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">micro- || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">[[image:http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mathrev/pics/micro.gif]] || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">10**-**6 || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1 micrometer ([[image:http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mathrev/pics/micro.gif]]g) = 1 x 10**-**6 [[image:http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mathrev/pics/micro.gif]]g ||
 * <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">nano- || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">n || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">10**-**9 || <span style="color: #954695; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">1 nanogram (ng) = 1 x 10**-**9 g ||

<span style="color: #72c110; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Density - Explained by Group 8** <span style="color: #72c110; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Co-editor: Joseph Geraghty** <span style="color: #72c110; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Members: Matthew Moschella, Alex Ortiz**

<span style="color: #0c690c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Section 3.4﻿**

<span style="color: #0c690c; display: block; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">I. Determining Density <span style="color: #0c690c; display: block; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> -pound of lead is  <span style="color: #0c690c; display: block; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> -it would take a much larger volume of feathers to equal the mass of a given volume of lead <span style="color: #0c690c; display: block; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> A. Density <span style="color: #0c690c; display: block; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> 1. the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume <span style="color: #0c690c; display: block; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> 2. It’s the important relationship between the objects mass and its volume <span style="color: #0c690c; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">* Formula is **Density = Mass/****Volume**
 * <span style="color: #0c690c; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Which is heavier, a pound of lead or a pound of feathers?
 * <span style="color: #0c690c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">When mass is measured in grams, and volume is measured in cubic centimeters, density has grams per cubic centimeter
 * <span style="color: #0c690c; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">__Density__ is an intensive property that depends only on the composition of a substance, not in the size of the sample

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